Landfill Gas (LFG) is obtained as a byproduct of microbiological decomposition of land-filled garbage. Bugs present inside the earth’s crust turns complex organic compounds into carbon dioxide, methane and smaller traces of other compounds. LFG majorly contains 40%-45% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50%-55% methane (CH4). The balance is made up of hundreds of other compounds such as oxygen and nitrogen. About 0.2% to 0.5% of LFG is composed of complex organic compounds that were never degraded by the bugs. A small % of LFG is composed hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds. The remaining compounds in the gas could be just about anything, depending on the garbage and profile the climate. The exact composition of landfill gas is different to each and every location.
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Landfill gases can be used in power generation as well as pipeline grade gas. As the demand for energy is continuously increasing, hence landfill gases plays a vital role in fulfilling the energy demand and supply gap. Landfill gas is generally generated through the degradation of solid waste generally from municipal through micro organisms.
The landfill gas market can be segmented on the basis of the end user applications. Landfill gases can be directly used in boilers dryers & process heaters, infrared heaters, leachate evaporation, pipeline quality gas and electricity generation. The quality of the gas depends upon the waste composition, temperature, oxygen, physical geometry and the time duration of waste disposal. Landfill gas is directly linked to boilers and other furnaces where it is used in the same manner as natural gas. It is also used to heat the infrared heaters and provide power to energy intensive processes.
Landfill gas can also be transformed into high calorific gas by reducing oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen content. These gases can be further utilized in industrial and commercial activities. Most common methods for the extraction of carbon dioxide are molecular sieve, amine scrubbing and membrane separation. Nitrogen and oxygen are controlled by operation and proper design of the landfill. Electricity can be generated through the use of steam turbines, fuel cells and micro turbines. Landfill gas can be used for power generation in industrial as well as commercial level depending upon the quantity available. Internal combustion engines use maximum landfill gas because of low cost and high efficiency. An electrical efficiency of up to 42% to 90% can be easily achieved in case of combined heat and power.
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The reduction in the energy cost and emission of greenhouse gases are some of the major drivers for the landfill gas market. Moisture essential for bacterial survival used in the decomposition of wastes to generate gases is the major constraint for the market. All the biological processes associated with the biological decomposition gets retarded with the drop in moisture level. The increasing share of landfill gas in power generation and availability of municipal wastes in abundance brings new opportunities for the market players to invest in this sector as the cost of primary fuel is low as compared to the conventional fuels used for power generation.
Some of the key players in the landfill gas market are Geotech, Landfill Systems Ltd., BioGasclean A/S, Highland Energy (N.S) Inc., PLK Technologies Inc., International Biofuels Corp and AFCO Energy Inc. among others.
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